|
Articles |
| Title |
Publication |
Date  |
|
| On Friedman, Hayek, Chile |
Financial Times Weekend |
October 30, 2021 |
| San Francisco Transwoman Requests Asylum in Israel, Backs Bibi |
CIP/2nd Bektashi Sufi Mission to the West/Institut Boscana |
May 26, 2021 |
| Our Founder's Transition and Political Candidacy in San Francisco 2020 |
|
March 23, 2021 |
| Confession |
Illyria [New York] |
April 7, 2020 |
| ICTY-The Hague: A Lesson in Modern History |
OpEdNews |
November 18, 2018 |
| Jamal Khashoggi |
CIP |
October 18, 2018 |
| Who Kills Journalists? |
OpEdNews |
October 13, 2018 |
| John McCain 1936-2108 |
CIP |
August 26, 2018 |
| Execution of Mohammad Salas, Iranian Sufi Dervish |
Illyria [New York] |
June 18, 2018 |
| Totalitarianism Isn't Reformable |
Frontpagemag |
June 8, 2018 |
| Reform or repression? Saudi's new ruler plays both ways |
Jenny Taylor Media |
June 6, 2018 |
| WHY WE FIGHT: The Matter of MEK |
Folksmagazine [India] |
May 28, 2018 |
| Foundation of the Second Bektashi Sufi Mission to America |
Illyria [New York] |
May 8, 2018 |
| Mueller Releases Indictments, While Our Founder Is Silenced on Anti-Social Media |
CIP |
February 16, 2018 |
| Fox News, Twitter Enable Fascist Massacres |
CIP |
February 15, 2018 |
| Our Founder and Social Media |
CIP |
December 25, 2017 |
| Who is S. Auden Schwartz? |
The Boston Globe |
December 6, 2017 |
| Earthly Beauty |
quora.com |
November 26, 2017 |
| At The Tomb of the Prophet Samuel (Nabi Samwil) |
CIP |
November 21, 2017 |
| 10 Theses on the Coup in Saudi Arabia |
CIP |
November 5, 2017 |
| Against Fascism, CIP Publishes on Muslim Jewish Life |
CIP |
October 30, 2017 |
| 'Fake News' Regarding Antiquities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |
CIP |
October 24, 2017 |
| We STILL Accuse! |
CIP |
September 6, 2017 |
| Greetings for an Antifascist Bajram |
Illyria [New York] |
September 1, 2017 |
| 'Designating' Antifa a Terrorist Organization Is a Bad Idea |
National Review |
August 31, 2017 |
| This Is Our Barcelona |
Center for Islamic Pluralism |
August 21, 2017 |
| What you need to know about antifa |
Jewish Telegraphic Agency |
August 16, 2017 |
| Why are religious conservatives embracing transgender rights? |
Transformation -- WHERE LOVE MEETS SOCIAL JUSTICE! |
August 16, 2017 |
| Assad's Hollow Crown |
The Rubin Center |
May 9, 2017 |
| The Birth Anniversary of al-Abbas ibn Ali (p) |
Imam Mahdi Association of Marjaeya |
April 30, 2017 |
| The Syrian Sarin Attacks of August 2013 and April 2017 |
The Besa Center |
April 26, 2017 |
| Replies to Questions About Sufism From A High School Teacher in Columbia, Missouri, USA |
CIP |
April 22, 2017 |
| CIP Greetings on International Day of Solidarity With Working Women |
Quora.com |
March 8, 2017 |
| Is Iran Ratcheting Up Influence-Peddling in American Universities? |
American Thinker |
October 22, 2016 |
| CIP Greetings on the Islamic Ashura and Jewish Yom Kippur |
Illyria [New York] |
October 10, 2016 |
| CIP Greetings to Muslims on Kurban Bajram/Eid Al-Adha/Eid Ghorban, Islamic Hijri Year 1437 |
CIP |
September 12, 2016 |
| Kosova Continues Confronting Radical Islam |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
August 16, 2016 |
| İbrahim Kalın: Erdoğan's U.S.-Trained Enforcer |
Independent Journal Review |
August 2, 2016 |
| The Dilemma of the Turkish State |
Lapido Media [London] |
July 21, 2016 |
| Saudis Announce a Turn Away from Wahhabi Cultural Vandalism |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
July 19, 2016 |
| Zakir Naik: More Hype than Hope for Muslims |
CIP |
July 15, 2016 |
| Ramadan ends in blood |
Lapido Media [London] |
July 13, 2016 |
| CIP Greetings to Muslims on Eid Al-Fitr/Ramazan Bajram 1437 A.H. |
CIP |
July 6, 2016 |
| A Faint Ray Of Light Through The Darkness |
The Huffington Post |
June 21, 2016 |
| Meet America's Foremost Advocate of Islamic Pluralism |
Clarion Project |
April 12, 2016 |
| Center for Islamic Pluralism Greetings on Sulltan Nevruz |
Illyria [New York] |
March 21, 2016 |
| The Significance of Tasawwuf [Sufism] in Light of Contemporary Global Issues |
Illyria [New York] |
March 17, 2016 |
| Saudi Arabia and its links to 'Islamic State' |
Lapido Media [London] |
February 12, 2016 |
| CIP 2015 Appeal for End-of-Year Donations |
CIP |
December 27, 2015 |
| Baba Arshiu Bazaj of Taylor, Michigan, dies at 109 |
Illyria [New York] |
December 26, 2015 |
| Iran Meddles in Nigeria's Sectarian Strife |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
December 23, 2015 |
| Female Genital Mutilation Reportedly Imposed by ISIS |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
November 30, 2015 |
| The Lesson of the Albanians |
Illyria [New York] |
November 28, 2015 |
| Blood and Ballots in Turkey |
TheWorldPost [The Huffington Post and Berggruen Institute on Governance] |
October 26, 2015 |
| Ashura Greetings – 10th of Muharram 1437 A.H. |
Illyria [New York] |
October 24, 2015 |
| Is the beleaguered Saudi kingdom headed for collapse? |
Lapido Media [London] |
October 7, 2015 |
| The Crimes at Palmyra |
The Huffington Post |
September 3, 2015 |
| Center for Islamic Pluralism Eid Al-Fitr Greetings, 1436/2015 |
CIP |
July 17, 2015 |
| Kosova vs. Iranians and ISIS |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
June 30, 2015 |
| Iran's Kurdish Rebellion |
TheWorldPost [The Huffington Post and Berggruen Institute on Governance] |
May 22, 2015 |
| Center for Islamic Pluralism Greetings to People of the Book on Their Holidays |
CIP |
April 3, 2015 |
| Center for Islamic Pluralism Greetings on Sulltan Nevruz |
CIP |
March 20, 2015 |
| Iranian Propagandists in Kosova |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
March 19, 2015 |
| 'Mosque war' in the UK |
Lapido Media [London] |
February 20, 2015 |
| Famous Communists and Islam |
First Things Blog |
February 11, 2015 |
| The Life and Martyrdom of Father Shtjefën Gjeçovi-Kryeziu, O.F.M. |
Illyria [New York] |
January 22, 2015 |
| Female Genital Mutilation a Growing Problem in Iran |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
January 20, 2015 |
| US$3 billion a year to produce extremists |
O Estado de São Paulo (Brazil) |
January 18, 2015 |
| Albanian Flag Day 2014 |
Illyria [New York] |
November 28, 2014 |
| Radical face of Saudi Wahhabism |
The Hindu [Chennai, India] |
November 19, 2014 |
| Mecca under threat |
The Independent [London] |
November 12, 2014 |
| Jailed Iranian Ayatollah Calls Regime 'Worse and More Evil than ISIS or the Taliban' |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
November 11, 2014 |
| Ashura In the Shadow of New Terrorism |
The Huffington Post |
November 3, 2014 |
| Saudi Wahhabism and ISIS Wahhabism: The Difference |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
October 21, 2014 |
| Pope Francis in Albania: Four Lessons |
The Huffington Post |
September 26, 2014 |
| More Arbitrary Repression in Iran |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
September 16, 2014 |
| Curing Wahhabism, The "Syphilis of Islam" |
Islamidades [Brazil-México] |
August 18, 2014 |
| Iranians vs. "Hanging Judges" |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
August 5, 2014 |
| Dissident Iranian Ayatollah Again Denounces Tehran from Prison |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
July 29, 2014 |
| Sunni Muslims Must Reject ISIS "Caliphate" |
Gatestone Institute |
July 20, 2014 |
| Kudos to the Iraqi Kurds |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
July 16, 2014 |
| Ramadan Amid the New Middle East Crisis |
The Huffington Post |
June 27, 2014 |
| Europe's Muslims: Can We Have a Common Template? |
Illyria [New York] |
May 24, 2014 |
| Harsh Repression Continues Against Iranian Dissidents |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
April 29, 2014 |
| Erdoğan's Twitter Slip on Ukraine - An Affinity for Putin? |
Gatestone Institute |
March 31, 2014 |
| Center for Islamic Pluralism Greetings on Sulltan Nevruz |
Illyria [New York] |
March 20, 2014 |
| Tehran Regime Targets Women in War on Sufis and Other Dissidents |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
March 12, 2014 |
| Greetings to Muslims on Mevlud, 2014 C.E. |
CIP |
January 14, 2014 |
| Why Iranian Sufis Do Not Believe in Tehran's 'New Diplomacy' |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
January 6, 2014 |
| On Faik Beg Konica [1876-1942] |
Illyria [New York] |
November 28, 2013 |
| On Faik Beg Konica (1876-1942) [.pdf[ |
Illyria [New York] |
November 28, 2013 |
| Ashura 1435 A.H. – With Mourning and Shame |
CIP |
November 14, 2013 |
| Eid Al-Adha – Kurban Bayram Greetings A.H. 1434 |
CIP |
October 15, 2013 |
| Turkey Protests New Police Aggression |
Gatestone Institute |
September 19, 2013 |
| Days of Awe… and Shock |
CIP |
September 14, 2013 |
| Albanian Islam, The Best Example of Islam in the World |
Impakt [Tirana] |
September 5, 2013 |
| Iran Steps Up Threats To Sufis |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
August 27, 2013 |
| Destroying Islam's Holiest Shrine for Al-Assad? |
Gatestone Institute |
August 26, 2013 |
| Eid Al-Fitr – Bayram Greetings A.H. 1434 |
CIP |
August 8, 2013 |
| Heavy Repression of Iranian Sufis Indicates Rohani's Path |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
July 22, 2013 |
| FGM Debate Continues in Muslim Lands |
Gatestone Institute |
July 18, 2013 |
| Fear of Syrian Sectarianism Spreads Beyond Middle East to Other Muslims |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
July 9, 2013 |
| CIP Executive Director Schwartz Speaks on Sufi Self-Defense |
Hudson Institute |
June 15, 2013 |
| Conflict Among Islamic Believers |
Dnevnik [Macedonia] |
June 3, 2013 |
| Religious persecution can mean political upheaval |
The Washington Times |
May 16, 2013 |
| An Appeal to International Organisations Against Attacks and Atrocities At Sacred Sites |
CIP |
May 15, 2013 |
| The Real Erdoğan |
Gatestone Institute |
May 13, 2013 |
| CIP Executive Director Endorses Denial of Islamic Funeral for Terrorist Tamerlan Tsarnaev |
CIP |
May 7, 2013 |
| What is Really "Broken" In Syria? |
Gatestone Institute |
March 29, 2013 |
| Terror Against Hazara Muslim Minority in Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
March 19, 2013 |
| Fatwa Fanatics – The Deobandi-Wahhabi Lust for Control Over Personal Life |
Millat Times [India] |
March 11, 2013 |
| The Iran Lobby Buys a Friendly Face for Despotism |
American Thinker |
March 10, 2013 |
| "Moderate" Turkey |
Gatestone Institute |
March 6, 2013 |
| Video shows Syria's ancient synagogue destroyed by regime forces |
Al Arabiya [Dubai] |
March 2, 2013 |
| Iranian Sufis Defy Tehran Dictatorship |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
February 27, 2013 |
| The War of Ideologies in the Arab World |
Gatestone Institute |
February 25, 2013 |
| Guilty Verdict of Bangladesh War Crimes Tribunal on 1971 Atrocities |
CIP |
February 11, 2013 |
| Greetings for Milad-an-Nabi A.H. 1434 |
CIP |
January 23, 2013 |
| Iran: "The Supporting Pole of the Regime's Tent is Bent" |
Gatestone Institute |
December 10, 2012 |
| Pakistan May Lose Crucial Backing as Saudi Arabia Turns to India |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
October 25, 2012 |
| Saudi Arabia's 'Religious Police' Reforms |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
October 9, 2012 |
| Iran's 'Think Tank' Outreach |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
September 26, 2012 |
| The Legacy of September 11, 2001 |
CIP |
September 11, 2012 |
| Alawites in Syria and Alevis in Turkey: Crucial Differences |
Gatestone Institute |
August 17, 2012 |
| Erdoğan's Turkish Government Suppresses Alevi Muslim Minority |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
July 18, 2012 |
| Dissident Warnings From Iran |
The Huffington Post |
June 28, 2012 |
| Wahhabi Internal Contradictions as Saudi Arabia Seeks Wider Gulf Leadership |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
May 21, 2012 |
| Avoiding Arab-Muslim heart of darkness |
Toronto Sun |
May 5, 2012 |
| How Powerful is Hafiz Saeed? |
Folksmagazine [India] |
April 24, 2012 |
| Wahhabi Hate-Mongers' Sham "Peace Convention" |
Gatestone Institute |
April 16, 2012 |
| Erdoğan, Iran, Syrian Alawites, and Turkish Alevis |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
March 29, 2012 |
| Turkish Islamist Regime Set to Condone Massacre |
Stonegate Institute |
March 19, 2012 |
| Shia Muslims Massacred in Pakistan |
Folksmagazine [India] |
March 1, 2012 |
| Sufis Under Fire in Macedonia |
Inside Islam [University of Wisconsin/Wisconsin Public Radio] |
February 22, 2012 |
| Muslim Women I Love Most |
CIP |
February 2, 2012 |
| Turkey Leaps Toward Islamist Dictatorship |
Folksmagazine [India] |
January 15, 2012 |
| Wahhabism and Saudi Arabia |
Persecution.org |
2011 |
| Ashura – The Continuing Martyrdom |
Folksmagazine [India] |
December 12, 2011 |
| Exploring blood-soaked roots of Arab feud |
Toronto Sun |
December 10, 2011 |
| The "Arab Spring" and Turkish Neo-Islamists |
Folksmagazine [India] |
December 5, 2011 |
| Mourning a Beloved Iranian Sufi Singer, 10 Years Later |
The Huffington Post |
November 30, 2011 |
| Sectarian tensions reveal Arab fault line |
Toronto Sun |
November 19, 2011 |
| Hajj: What It Has Become and What It Should Be Again |
The Huffington Post |
November 9, 2011 |
| An Eid Al-Adha Manifesto |
Folksmagazine [India] |
November 7, 2011 |
| Is the Taking of Tripoli the Turning Point? |
Folksmagazine [India[ |
August 28, 2011 |
| The New Arab Revolutions |
Folksmagazine [India] |
August 8, 2011 |
| Iraqi Kurdistan Passes Law Against FGM |
Hudson Institute New York |
June 27, 2011 |
| Saudi Wahhabis vs. Women Who Want to Drive Cars |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
May 25, 2011 |
| Geopolitics and Sociology of Islam |
NewsGram [India] |
May 13, 2011 |
| Bin Laden and Pakistan |
The Huffington Post/NewsGram [India] |
May 10, 2011 |
| Lessons for Bashar Al-Assad From Nicolae Ceausescu |
NewsGram [India] |
April 29, 2011 |
| Egyptian Muslim Fundamentalists Attack Sufis |
The Guardian Online [London] |
April 11, 2011 |
| Kryegjysh Boterorë Haxhi Dede Reshat Bardhi, 1935-2011 |
Illyria [New York] |
April 5, 2011 |
| Saudi Arabia's anti-protest fatwa is transparent |
The Guardian Online [London] |
April 1, 2011 |
| How religion underwrites the unrest in Syria and Yemen |
Lapido Media [London] |
April 1, 2011 |
| Sufis, Islam, and Democracy |
NewsGram [India] |
April 1, 2011 |
| The Last Jewish Sufi |
Mjesto i Uloga Derviških Redova u Bosni i Hercegovini, Zbornik radova povodom obilježavanja 800 godina od rođenja Džemaluddina Rumija – Oriental Institute of Sarajevo and The Faculty of Islamic Studies, University of Sarajevo, 2011 |
2011 Collection of Papers |
| When in Rome |
National Post [Toronto] |
March 31, 2011 |
| The Canadian Front Against Radical Islam |
NewsGram [India] |
March 26, 2011 |
| Greetings on Sulltan Nevruz [.pdf] |
Illyria [New York] |
March 25, 2011 |
| Meditations on Sultan Nevruz |
Illyria [New York] |
March 25, 2011 |
| Gulf Cooperation Council Between Two Fires in Bahrain and Libya |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
March 22, 2011 |
| Schwartz debates Juan Cole and Hisham Hellyer on Bahrain intervention |
RT [Russia Today] Crosstalk |
March 17, 2011 |
| Saudi Protests So Far Subdued |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
March 14, 2011 |
| Voice of Moderates in Islam |
NewsGram [India] |
March 12, 2011 |
| Saudi Arabia and the Spectre of Protest |
Lapido Media [London] |
March 3, 2011 |
| Iran's Conspiracy Industry |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
February 11, 2011 |
| Saudi Wahhabis Accused of Removing Relics From the Time of Prophet Muhammad |
Shiite News |
January 22, 2011 |
| Imprisoned Iranian Ayatollah Offers Hanukkah Greetings to Jews |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
December 11, 2010 |
| Greetings for Muharram 1432 and Hanukkah 5771 |
CIP |
December 1, 2010 |
| Britain and Pakistan: The Rich Taliban Vs. the Poor Muslim |
Hudson Institute New York |
October 15, 2010 |
| A Mosque Grows Near Brooklyn |
The Weekly Standard |
July 26, 2010 |
| Zakir Naik: "Peace TV" Calls for Terrorism |
Hudson Institute New York |
July 2, 2010 |
| CIP's "Truth About Shariah" Program |
Hudson Institute New York |
June 29, 2010 |
| Why Canadian Muslims are different |
National Post [Toronto] |
April 6, 2010 |
| Greetings on Sultan Nevruz |
CIP |
March 21, 2010 |
| Iraq election could change history |
Toronto Sun |
March 20, 2010 |
| Iran's Opposition Comes to Washington |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
January 25, 2010 |
| Iran: "Loving Executions Too Much" |
Hudson Institute New York |
January 15, 2010 |
| Yemen and How It Got That Way |
The Weekly Standard Blog |
January 14, 2010 |
| On the Death of Iranian Ayatollah Husayn Ali Montazeri |
CIP |
December 20, 2009 |
| Greetings for Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Holidays |
CIP |
December 11, 2009 |
| Thank You America – And Damn You, You Bastards |
Al-Bayyna Al-Jadida [Baghdad] |
July 1, 2009 |
| Ashura in America |
The Daily Standard |
January 18, 2009 |
| Paying a Call on the Saudi Embassy |
The Weekly Standard |
November 5, 2007 |
| Islamofascism |
On Point |
September 6, 2006 |
| All Politics Is Local - Even in Lebanon |
TCS Daily |
July 28, 2006 |
| Statement on Ahmadinejad |
CIP |
November 8, 2005 |
| The Shia Turn in U.S. Policy |
Tech Central Station |
March 24, 2005 |
| Time to Take Saudi Arabia Seriously |
The Daily Standard |
March 14, 2005 |
| The Face of Iraqi Terrorism |
The Daily Standard |
March 4, 2005 |
| "I Call the President Imam Bush": |
Tech Central Station |
December 22, 2004 |
| Without Delay! The Vote Must Go On! |
Tech Central Station |
November 29, 2004 |
| A Saudi Protest March |
The Daily Standard |
November 15, 2004 |
| Murderous Monotheists |
The Weekly Standard |
October 11, 2004 |
| The Good Ayatollah |
The Weekly Standard |
July 19, 2004 |
| Return of Tet? |
Tech Central Station |
April 12, 2004 |
| Reading Najaf |
The Daily Standard |
September 3, 2003 |
| Wahhabi Fireworks |
New York Post |
July 14, 2003 |
| CLASSIC CIP: Wahhabi Strain of Islam Faulted |
The Washington Post |
June 27, 2003 |
| Edited Replies to Queries from U.S. Senators on Wahhabism |
U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee |
June 27, 2003 |
| Muslim Cheers for Wolfowitz |
New York Post |
May 31, 2003 |
| Fear Not the Shias |
The Weekly Standard |
March 24, 2003 |
| The Real Islam |
The Atlantic Unbound [Transcript] |
March 20, 2003 |
|
Reviews |
| Book Title |
Publication |
Date  |
|
Smart Jews: The Construction of the Image of Jewish Superior Intelligence
by Sander L. Gilman |
Society |
February 21, 2017 |
The Teachings of the Bektashi Sufis [Nauk Bektašijskog Tarikata (In Bosnian)]: The First Bosnian-Language Survey of Bektashism
by Senad Mičijević |
Illyria [New York] |
July 27, 2016 |
Agents of Empire: Knights, Corsairs, Jesuits and Spies in the Sixteenth-Century Mediterranean World
by Noel Malcolm |
The Weekly Standard |
February 8, 2016 |
Shi'i Islam: An Introduction
by Najam Haider |
Middle East Quarterly |
Fall 2015 |
Prayer in Islamic Thought and Practice
by Marion Holmes Katz |
Middle East Quarterly |
Winter 2015 |
Writing Religion: The Making of Turkish Alevi Islam
by Markus Dressler |
Middle East Quarterly |
Fall 2014 |
Mecca: The Sacred City
by Ziauddin Sardar |
The Weekly Standard |
October 20, 2014 |
The Sufi Journey of Baba Rexheb
by Frances Trix |
Middle East Quarterly |
Spring 2013 |
The Next Founders
by Joshua Muravchik |
Middle East Quarterly |
Winter 2011 |
The Other Islam: Sufism and the Road to Global Harmony
by Stephen Schwartz |
Illyria [New York] |
December 14, 2010 |
American Crescent: A Muslim Cleric on the Power of His Faith, the Struggle against Prejudice, and the Future of Islam in America
by Imam Hassan Qazwini |
Middle East Quarterly |
Summer 2009 |
American Islam: The Struggle for the Soul of a Religion
by Paul M. Barrett |
Middle East Quarterly |
Winter 2008 |
Mecca and Main Street: Muslim Life in America after 9/11
by Geneive Abdo |
Middle East Quarterly |
Winter 2008 |
The Shia Revival
by Vali Nasr |
New York Post |
October 1, 2006 |
The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict Between Iran And America
by Kenneth M. Pollack |
New York Post |
December 19, 2004 |
The Trouble With Islam
by Irshad Manji |
The Globe and Mail [Toronto] |
September 20, 2003 |
|
Announcements |
| Title |
Publication |
Date  |
|
| CIP 2013 Appeal For End-of-Year Donations |
Announcement |
December 30, 2013 |
| POSTPONED CIP Executive Director Schwartz Washington, DC Event |
Announcement |
February 21, 2013 |
| CIP Publishes Revised Shariah Report on Kindle |
Announcement |
January 23, 2013 |
| Not Silent Any More! |
Announcement |
October 17, 2012 |
| CIP Executive Director Schwartz in Toronto, Canada |
Announcement |
March 16, 2011 |
| Condensation of 2009 CIP Euro-Shariah Report Published |
Announcement |
September 24, 2009 |
| Muslim Anti-Wahhabi Protest, Washington, DC |
Announcement |
September 23, 2009 |
| Hatemonger Al-Marayati Denounces CIP |
Announcement |
August 28, 2008 |